I’ve been working in AI for close to a decade, starting well before today’s LLM-driven wave.

My work is grounded in understanding AI across layers — from hardware, AI models, and data to system design, reliability, and scale. I approach AI as an end-to-end engineering problem: not just modeling, but how models interact with data, infrastructure, and real-world constraints.

Alongside this, I write The AI Merge, a technical newsletter on AI foundations and systems engineering, focused on clear thinking and practical system design rather than hype.

I’m currently building an AI Systems course, centered on end-to-end system design, for engineers who want a deeper, systems-first understanding of modern AI.

🗞️ Read The AI Merge: https://read.theaimerge.com

Alex Razvant

A lot of courses out there teach AI & LLMs, but very few touch on Inference

Sure, it's easy to grasp the fundamentals of what LLMs are and how to build systems around them, but scaling out an LLM out of a lab of 1-2 H100s running it and a single concurrent user session is a big challenge.

Efficient inference is one of the largest barriers to LLMs in production.

Batching, managing memory, concurrent user sessions, GPU saturation, and sharding with/or MIG (Multi-Instance GPUs), parallelisation are key concepts for engineers to know, understand, and work with or around them.

I've had this list of resources saved for a while, which fills some of those gaps.

1. Good Courses / Videos
- CS336 Stanford (Lecture 5-11): https://buff.ly/9o4jRxl
- GPU MODE: https://buff.ly/bPEHYL0 
- LLM Inference Patterns: https://buff.ly/4ASDS5c
- LLM Inference (NVIDIA): https://buff.ly/muDMcor 

2. Repositories / Blogs
- GPU Performance Engineering (E.Andere): https://buff.ly/sfGJNMK 
- AI Performance Engineering (C.Fregly) https://buff.ly/8ey3GPa 
- Inside NVIDIA GPUs (A.Gordic): https://buff.ly/wmgNwMg 
- Understanding LLM Inference (my article): https://buff.ly/NrNU3Qz 

I don't think there's a clear, step-by-step guide on how to master AI Perf Engineering.
The best bet is to study the core pieces of the models and the hardware they run on.

Then, learn the rest on demand.

undefined undefined

Neural Bits CTA

Join 4100+ engineers and get a weekly newsletter on advanced AI/ML. 👉 https://neuralbits.substack.com/

Kubrick

Ready to start building?

--- Resources ---
📌 Kubrick Code Repository
https://github.com/multi-modal-ai/multimodal-agents-course

📌 Neural Bits Newsletter (mine)
https://multimodalai.substack.com/

📌 The Neural Maze Newsletter (Miguel's)
https://theneuralmaze.substack.com/

Senior AI/ML Engineer | Author of NeuralBits Newsletter – helping you build efficient AI Systems

Hard work always pays off, be consistent!

I'm a Senior Machine Learning Engineer with a keen interest in developing AI/ML solutions for real world problems and helping others get started on their Machine Learning Journey.

Let's connect @:
📘 https://medium.com/@alexandrurazvant
✉️ alexandrurazvant@gmail.com
🌐 https://www.neuraleaps.com

Upskill your AI Engineering!

AI Engineering Hub

Senior AI Engineer | Writing The AI Merge Newsletter | Helping Engineers Build AI Beyond Demos

The 5 structure-layers of any LLM Model.
(Understand these, and you'll understand every OSS model on HF)

With each open-source LLM released, you'll find the model weights on Hugging Face.

When you go to the Files section, you won't find a `model.xyz` file, but multiple files, usually 10-15 that compose the entire LLM.

Here's the blueprint to understand them:

1️⃣ 𝘼𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 (config.json)
This one contains metadata on model architecture, layer activations, sizes, vocabulary size, number of attention heads, model precision, and more. 

The transformers library knows how to parse this config and build the model architecture. 

2️⃣ 𝙈𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙡 𝙒𝙚𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 (the .safetensors splits)
LLMs have B (billions) of parameters.
For safer download, model weights are split into chunks/shards.
The formats used for weights are either Binary or Safetensors.

Safetensors format is an alternative to the default Pickle serializer that PyTorch (pt) uses, as it’s vulnerable to code injection.

3️⃣ 𝙇𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙧 𝙈𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 (the *.index.json)
Since the models are large and weights come as part files (e.g., 0001-of-0006, 0002-of-0006, etc.), this file stores a sequential map of the model architecture.

This specifies what layers are part of what model chunk.

4️⃣ 𝙏𝙤𝙠𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙧 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙛𝙞𝙜 (tokenizer.json)
The tokenizer config file contains metadata about the tokenizer used to train this model. 

It contains the class name used to instantiate the tokenizer, the layer names, the structure of how the inputs are processed before passing through the model, and special tokens.

The LLM generally uses 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭_𝘵𝘰𝘬𝘦𝘯𝘴 as markers to stop generation.

5️⃣ 𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙛𝙞𝙜 (generation_config.json)
These configuration files contain metadata for Inference, such as Temperature and TopP/TopK thresholds or context window size, with which the model was trained. 

When you load your model using Transformers.from_pretrained(), all these files are processed to set up everything you need to actually use that model.

---
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The 4 patterns of LLM Inference.

Deploying LLMs is not the same as deploying traditional ML models. The differences show up most clearly at inference time. 

Some principles such as optimized models, infrastructure, GPU saturation and usage or distributed systems concepts still apply.

But LLM inference adds a new layer of complexity, as Transformer models inference is way more nuanced.

With LLMs, the output is generative and not a fixed size having batch-size input = batch-size output that more traditional ML or Deep Learning models had.

LLM inference splits into two stages, Prefill and Decode, this creates 4 distinct patterns an AI Engineer/Dev should know about before optimizing or deploying.

⇢ In the prefill phase, the model processes the entire input prompt and computes the key-value (KV) cache. In benchmarks, we'll often see this metric as `pp` or `prompt processing` speed, which is fast.

⇢  In the decode phase, it autoregressively generates tokens one at a time, updating the KV cache at each step. In benchmarks, this is refered to as `tg` or text-generation speeds, and this process is memory-bound as tokens have to travel within the GPU's memory during KV cache updates.

Understanding this gives you these four distinct LLM inference patterns:

SISO -- Short Input, Short Output
→ Low latency with fast generation. If using this pattern, aim to optimize for high concurrency.

LILO --  Long Input, Long Output
→ The most compute-intensive requires distributed inference, ideally with shared KV cache across nodes or tensor parallelism.

LISO -- Long Input, Short Output
→ This one has heavy prefill and quick decode. GPUs with enough VRAM would parallelize the prefill and generate fast.

SILO -- Short Input, Long Output
→ Light prefill, which runs fast but is heavier on decode. Decode latency dominates here.

---

𝗧𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗮𝘄𝗮𝘆: The longer the output, the more time is spent in the decode loop.
Before fine-tuning your own LLM and deploying it, also consider the inference pattern your system will target.

Summary:
- In LLM inference, there are 4 patterns.
- For LISO, the generation and TFTT are fast.
- On SISO, everything is fast.
- For LILO,  a lot of computing.
- For SILO, prefill is fast, generation is slow.

---

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If you'll ever try to run LLMs locally - you'll bump into llama.cpp

Most guides tell you what to use for Edge/CPU/low-end GPU inference - but not what’s actually happening under the hood. 

No context on:
- How is the model checkpoint parsed?
- How are tensors unpacked and mapped?
- How do GGML, GGUF, and llama.cpp fit together?

✅ So I went through the codebase myself. 

I spent a few hours digging through llama.cpp, PRs, and community threads, then turned everything into a single sequence diagram that shows the flow end-to-end. 

The key pieces of the stack:
> GGML - the ML Tensor Library and execution primitives (ops, mappings, kv-cache)
> GGUF - the format for storing quantized LLM models and Quantization types.
> llama.cpp - is the C++ inference engine, building on top of GGML & GGUF, wiring everything together.

If you’re running local LLMs, this is the stack you’re relying on.

If you want to understand why things break, how quantized models are actually loaded, this breakdown will help. 

---
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You should read more code.

If you’re already a Software Engineer or AI / ML Engineer, one of the fastest ways to level up right now is to study how big AI teams write and ship - in public. 

Many top companies and major contributors to the AI space have been open-sourcing their internal frameworks, kernels, or infrastructure libraries. 

You might feel overwhelmed by how fast AI is going. But this is a great learning opportunity if you know where to look.

Learning doesn’t just happen from papers and tutorials, especially if you already build software.

You should:
- Read real production code
- Study PRs or commit history on major/popular repos.
- See how teams structure codebases, design APIs, configs, tests

Check what gets reviewed, what gets rejected, and why.
This kind of learning will upgrade your engineering intuition. 

Here are some excellent codebases to learn from.

✅ From DeepSeek:
1. FlashMLA  - A library of high-performance attention kernels.
Link: https://buff.ly/XbFnPA7 

2. DeepEP - A Communication Library for high-throughput MoE workloads.
Link: https://buff.ly/3qxMc3S

3. 3FS - A Distributed Filesystem for AI Workloads, for AI training and inference.
Link: https://buff.ly/ovfW47A

✅ From NVIDIA:
1. Dynamo - A datacenter-scale Inference Serving Framework for GenAI workloads.
Link: https://buff.ly/WyAMzBz 

2. NeMo  -  A Scalable Generative AI Framework, for training and deploying LLMs and VLMs.
Link: https://buff.ly/L9KTuJp 

✅ From vLLM:
1. The vLLM Library  - One of the most popular LLM inference engines, designed for scale.
Link: https://buff.ly/GLCfoIM

✅ From SGLang:
1. The SGLang Engine - A high-performance serving engine for LLMs & multimodal models.
Link: https://buff.ly/m4HhsWQ 

✅ From llama.cpp
1. The llama.cpp Engine - A minimal C/C++ inference engine for LLMs with broad hardware support and quantization options.
Link: https://buff.ly/u9yaXwp

📌 Don't study everything, you won't be able to.

Instead, pay attention to:
⇾ Code structure & abstractions
How are core functionalities separated (core logic vs hardware-specific optimizations)?

⇾  PRs & commit history
What context do authors provide? How do reviewers push back?

⇾  Interfaces & public APIs
How are public APIs designed?

⇾  Tests & benchmarks
How do the test suites look? What CI pipelines do they have, profiling? 

Don’t just use these libraries. 
Read them.

That will build your intuition and help you get better at your craft, either as a curious learner or an engineer as part of a larger team at your job.

---
I distill my learnings with my audience on The AI Merge.
Check it here (8700+ engineers already do that) https://buff.ly/2rwqlNL

I have a surprise for my European audience, for NVIDIA GTC 2026 (March 16–19)

🎁 I’m giving away 1 x NVIDIA DGX Spark to someone who joins me for Virtual NVIDIA GTC 2026. 

I’ve spent the last 6 months building on NVIDIA DGX Spark, and when building AI Systems locally, the Spark is an incredible machine to learn, prototype, fine-tune, build and iterate fast.

Especially if you want more control over your entire stack.

NVIDIA GTC is the premier global AI conference, where developers, and researchers come together to explore the next wave of AI across every industry and application.

✅️ Virtual GTC is free. 

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗚𝗫 𝗦𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗸 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗮𝘄𝗮𝘆:
𝟭. 𝗥𝗲𝗴𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 for GTC 2026 using my link: https://buff.ly/aKgT9BA
𝟮. 𝗔𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗱 at least 1 virtual session (keynote does not count) - virtual sessions are free
𝟯. 𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗺𝘆 𝗴𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗮𝘄𝗮𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴

I’ll share the giveaway form link as we get closer to GTC 2026. 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘆 𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗱.

Here are a few sessions that caught my eye (links below):
1. AI Factories in Europe: Building the Foundations for Scalable Intelligence [S81899] 
2. Accelerate AI Through Open-Source Inference [S81902] 
3. Teach AI to Code in Every Language With NVIDIA NeMo [S82306] 
4. From Data to Meaning: Vision-Language Models Shaping the Cities of Tomorrow [S81867] 
5. Your Learning Pathway: Get Certified for Career Success [C81544] 

If you’re planning to attend, remember to register here: https://buff.ly/aKgT9BA 

Follow me here and stay tuned for the giveaway form.

Underrated advice to grow as an Engineer

1. Go Depth first (2–3 years)
Pick one stack (language + framework + system) and get good at it.

Breadth gets easy after.
I know it's tempting to know a bit out of everything, but you'll spread yourself too thin, too soon.

2. If you're a junior/mid - talk to senior/staff engineers (smartly)

Don't ask “What should I do?” 
Instead, ask: “Here’s what I tried, here’s what happened, what would you check next?”

They've seen enough systems and code to spot patterns early on.

2. Get good at Code Reviews
Express your points, think past the small code component - oversee the entire system.
Don't nitpick for code changes unless necessary. 

3. No Vibe-coding
With each feature/component you build, spend time gathering context, asking for options, plan, review, verify and write the hard paths yourself.

One practice that works for me is, after drafting a plan for my coding Agent (in Plan Mode), I ask if it's got any questions for me, before starting to work.

It usually comes up with great points.

3. Study outside work
That's an easy switch.
You do it already by consuming content, scrolling through posts and watching videos.
But make sure you focus on what actually helps you, not all the news/hype out there.

Work getting better, use AI as leverage.

A better way to manage complex configurations in your AI/ML projects.

AI/ML systems usually have more moving parts and more configuration surfaces (data, training, evaluation, inference, orchestration). Keeping track of which configuration subset was used can get difficult fast. 

Sure, as per Factor III (Config) in 12-factor apps, environment-specific config can be stored as env variables.

However, env vars alone are usually not enough. You might need hierarchical configs, runtime composition, overrides etc.

For instance, on a current project I'm working on, I have:
- 6 MLOps pipelines that build the raw_data > deployed model lineage.
- 2 edge services that ingest video, route frames to Inference Servers
- 3 MCP servers, each with their own connection details, tools and resources
- 2 Agents, wired through A2A - each with their own subset of instructions and MCP

In this setup, during testing, services often require runtime overrides (MLOps pipelines), composition or swap (training/eval), and sometimes they share the same configuration domain. 

When configuration gets more complex, I found Hydra + OmegaConf to be the way to go.

Here's what you need to know:
1. 𝗢𝗺𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳 is a hierarchical configuration system explicitly designed for complex applications like ML pipelines. 

You can:
↳ Merge multiple configuration files directly through runtime composition.
↳ Access fields via attribute notation "config.model.optimizer" or dict notation config["model"]["optimizer"]
↳ Add Type safety against schemas such as dataclasses or Pydantic base models.

2. 𝗛𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗮 builds on top of OmegaConf, creating a full-featured framework.

You can:
↳ Group multiple YAMLs into a single configuration file and reference them directly by filename.
↳ Run a sweep, same application - multiple configurations in parallel.

Concrete examples:
1. Your hydra config could look like this (config.yaml)
``` config.yaml
defaults:
  - data: mydata
  - training: trainAB
  - inference: inferAB
  - _self_ 
```

When loading the `config.yaml` file using Hydra, we get a nested configuration object, from which we can access any field 
(cfg . inference . batch_size / cfg . training . batch_size)

2. Override any config value at runtime. 
For example, if in the config.yaml, if you have:
```
model:
 optimizer: SGD
```

At runtime, you can override the value with:

```
python train model.optimizer=Adam
```

𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘀.
↳ Run multiple configurations simultaneously using Hydra multirun.

```
python train -m data.dataset=A1, B12, C55
```

This will launch multiple runs (one per dataset value) and create separate output directories for each run. 

---

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Qwen3.5 4B and 9B around the corner? 👀

Code is cheap nowadays. Design and planning is not. 

Some, keep measuring output by volume. 

I've been doing AI Assisted Programming for the past 2.5 years, on real codebases.

Online, I keep seeing many claim to push 10k Lines of Code a day to production and not reviewing anything.

I think that’s mostly marketing.
The more code added to a codebase, the larger the surface area.

Software isn't written once. It's designed to evolve.
What works now, should be easily changed or improved in the future.

The question you should ask: 
“Can we ship changes that are consistent and safe to release?”

A few safeguards that actually worked for me:
1. Treat AI code as proposal, not truth. Don’t accept diffs you can’t explain.
2. Put a harness on the agent. (Cursor Rules / AgentsMD / ClaudeMD / Skills / Plugins)
3. Keep Agent Rules, Skills and Plugins small, scoped and enforceable.
4. Add guardrails only after noticing Coding Agent failures.
5. Keep PRs reviewable. Minimal context + a 1-pager attached on the PR for big moves.
6. Reviews should't focus on preference. Skip nitpicks. Focus on the entire workflow.
7. Pre-commit + CI parity. Catch drift before you waste a CI cycle.
8. Write a handoff note to your tomorrow-self so you catch-up faster on the next day.

For an Engineer, AI helps, but only when you stay in control of constraints.

---
I explain complex topics in AI, AI Engineering and building AI Systems.

For free.

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Six Tips on AI Assisted Programming

Open to Collaborate | Storyteller | Lead Data Engineer@Wavicle| Linkedin Top Voice 2024 | Globant | Linkedin Learning Instructor | 2xGCP & AWS Certified | LICAP'2022

Data Engineer with 7+ years of experience working on data engineering, analysis, and modelling projects for various domains, such as banking, healthcare, sales, and e-commerce. I leverage my strong statistical and analytical ability to explore business ideas and provide innovative solutions. 

Skilled with technologies and strong intellect with enthusiasm as an avid learner with challenging opportunities. I’m working as a LinkedIn Learning Instructor to bring change as a data evangelist.

Post Graduated in Master of Technology in Data Science and Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani in 2023, where I learned advanced concepts and techniques in data science and engineering, machine learning, cloud computing, and visualization. 

I hold multiple certifications in GCP, AWS, and Azure, and I enjoy working with cloud technologies and big data platforms.

I am passionate about data science and women empowerment, and I have been recognized as the 
- Linkedin Top Voice 2025, 2024
- Data Science and Women Empowerment Thought Leader by Global AI Hub. 

I am also a proud participant of the LinkedIn Creator Accelerator Program 2022, where I share my insights and experiences with the data science community. 

I am open to collaborate and share ideas, or explore various opportunities in the data field.

Pooja Jain

The Great Orange Processing Wars: ETL vs ELT vs EtLT

Three factories. Three philosophies. 
One truth most data engineers miss.

𝗘𝗧𝗟 — The Juice Bar
Squeeze before you store. Quality-first, schema-first, compliance-first.

Works perfectly until your business logic changes — then you re-run everything.
Best for: fraud detection, classical ML, regulated industries.
Hidden cost: you can't un-squeeze juice. Raw fidelity is gone forever.
These need strict compliance and clean, pre-processed data before loading.

𝗘𝗟𝗧 — The Warehouse
Store everything raw. Transform strictly on demand. Pure flexibility.

Works perfectly until nobody knows what's in Aisle 47 anymore.
Best for: ad-hoc analytics, LLM training data, fast-moving startups.
Hidden cost: "we'll clean it later" becomes never. Swamps, not lakes.
Here, raw data is loaded first, then transformed as needed—great for massive, unstructured, fast-changing datasets.

 𝗘𝘁𝗟𝗧 — The Gourmet Factory
The lowercase t changes everything.

E — Extract faithfully
t —  Fix only what must be fixed early (PII masking, dedup, type casting)
L — Load into columnar storage
T — Transform richly at query time, per use case

The small t handles what belongs at ingestion: compliance, deduplication, partitioning.
The big T handles what belongs at consumption: business logic, ML features, aggregations.
Best for: RAG pipelines, LLM training, GDPR systems, real-time personalization.
Used, when different data types need different strategies.

The real choice isn’t just technical; it’s about timing.
→ ETL commits early.
→ ELT commits late.
→ EtLT commits minimally early — but maximally late.

That tradeoff shows up everywhere in system design.
Eager vs lazy. 
Compiled vs interpreted. 
Normalized vs denormalized

💡 The Modern Data Engineering Playbook
Stop asking: "ETL or ELT?"
Instead, start asking: "What fuels my AI use case?"
🍊 Traditional ML? → Serve up that perfectly squeezed juice (ETL)
🥤 Exploratory AI? → Keep the whole fruits on hand, blend them later (ELT)
⚡ AI at Scale? → Prepare smartly, create a variety (EtLT)

🎯 The Truth Bomb
AI is like the promised land—bringing automation, intelligence, and scalability.
But without the right pipeline? It’s just chaos.
The best data engineers don’t play favorites.
They choose the right tool for the right need.

What’s your philosophy on data pipelines? 👇
Share it in the comments!

🔍 𝗔–𝗭 𝗼𝗳 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗨𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗽!

In a world of limited time but unlimited tools, 
Data Engineers are expected to master everything — from ingestion to orchestration, from storage to serving, and from DevOps to AI.

The demand is booming. 
The ecosystem is evolving.
And the lifecycle? 
It’s massive.

📚 Sharing the A–Z snapshot of the tools & frameworks every data engineer should know:-
 
 𝗔 – Airflow, Avro, AWS
 𝗕 – BigQuery, Beam, Bigtable
 𝗖 – Cassandra, Cloudera, Couchbase
 𝗗 – Databricks, dbt, Dagster
 𝗘 – Elasticsearch
 𝗙 – Flink, Fivetran, Fault Tolerance
 𝗚 – Git, Glue, Grafana
 𝗛 – Hadoop, Hive, Hudi
 𝗜 – Iceberg, InfluxDB
 𝗝 – Jenkins, Jupyter, JSON
 𝗞 – Kafka, Kubernetes, Kestra
 𝗟 – Looker, Lakehouse, Luigi
 𝗠 – MongoDB, Metabase, Matillion
 𝗡 – NiFi, Neo4j
 𝗢 – OLTP/OLAP, Observability
 𝗣  – Python, PostgreSQL, Prefect
 𝗤 – Query Optimization, Qlikview
 𝗥 – Redshift, RabbitMQ, Redis
 𝗦 – Spark, Snowflake, SQL
 𝗧 – Terraform, Tableau, Talend
 𝗨 – Unix, Unity Catalog
 𝗩 – Versioning, Vertica
 𝗪 – Workflow Management, Warehousing
 𝗫 – XML, XGBoost
 𝗬 – YAML, YARN
 𝗭 – Z-Ordering, ZooKeeper

📍 Bonus: Don’t miss emerging trends like Data Mesh, LLMs, and Generative AI reshaping the future of data engineering.

👉 What tools or concepts would you add to this list?
Drop your favorite in the comments and let’s build the most complete A–Z cheat sheet together!

#Data #Engineering #ETL #BigData #Cloud #AI

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The Iceberg nobody shows you about Data Engineering!

Data engineers don't surface level things like,
Spark and Kafka and Snowflake
$150k salary dreams
Building ML pipelines
Modern data stack vibes

Here’s how the life of a ℝ𝔼𝔸𝕃 𝔻𝔸𝕋𝔸 𝔼ℕ𝔾𝕀ℕ𝔼𝔼ℝ looks like  😮‍💨
(The brutal truth nobody tells you)

1️⃣ 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿: “I’ll master Spark, Kafka, and Snowflake in 3 months and land a $150K job!”
2️⃣ 𝗝𝗼𝗯 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿: “Why do they want 5 years experience for an ‘entry-level’ position? And what’s a ‘take-home coding challenge’?”
3️⃣ 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲: “I spent 40 hours building their pipeline assignment. They ghosted me after the final round.”
4️⃣ 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿: “The production data is nothing like the tutorial datasets. Why is everything broken and undocumented?”
5️⃣ 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿: “I’m not building ML models. I’m fixing CSV parsing errors and explaining why dashboards show different numbers.”
6️⃣ 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿: “60% of my time is meetings about data governance. The other 40% is arguing with stakeholders about SLAs.”
7️⃣ 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿: “The pipeline that worked for 2 years suddenly failed. Nobody knows why. The person who built it left 6 months ago.”
8️⃣ 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗳𝗳 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿: “I spend more time in Slack explaining why data is 2 hours late than actually engineering. Also, our AWS bill is $50K this month.”
9️⃣ 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁: “I designed the perfect architecture. Nobody followed it. Everything runs on Excel sheets shared via email. I’ve accepted this.”
🔟 𝗖𝗧𝗢 (𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿): “We need to be more data-driven. Also, can you build this by Friday? And make it real-time. Budget is $500.”

The real job description: 
• 20% building cool stuff 
• 80% debugging, meetings, and existential crisis

What they don’t tell you:
→ You’ll become a CSV therapist
→ “Data quality” means fixing the same broken pipeline every week
→ The hardest part isn’t the tech—it’s managing expectations
→ It's about business chaos and technical constraints
→ Data quality isn't a tool. It's an ownership issue
→ Most failures aren't technical. They're communicational
→ Scalability is easy to achieve. Designing and enforcing are two different things
→ The more senior you get, the less you're involved

The most challenging production bug is about stakeholder misalignment.
"Real-time" data usually means we didn't plan for this. 

Data engineers, put differently, are part therapists, detectives, and negotiators.

And despite the 2AM alerts, data pipeline issues and never ending slack threads —

It’s a privilege because in the end, 
the pipeline runs, 
the dashboard matches,
… And leadership finally trusts the numbers. Pure magic ✨

But here’s the thing… Despite all this, we still love what we do.

Do you remember, when did you automate your first pipeline?

Dear Data Engineers — meet your new coworker. It's not human.
Monday, 9:47 AM. Analyst pings: "orders_final is missing 10K rows."

You: Open Airflow. Query source. Compare counts. Find schema drift. Manual backfill. 45 minutes. Annoyed.
The Agent: Queries metadata → checks logs → detects schema drift → generates fix → asks "Run this?" 90 seconds. Done.

Here's the analogy that makes it click:

AI Agents = Self-modifying Airflow DAGs
𝖸𝗈𝗎 𝗁𝖺𝗋𝖽𝖼𝗈𝖽𝖾: 𝖾𝗑𝗍𝗋𝖺𝖼𝗍() → 𝗍𝗋𝖺𝗇𝗌𝖿𝗈𝗋𝗆() → 𝗅𝗈𝖺𝖽()

Agents do:
𝗐𝗁𝗂𝗅𝖾 𝗇𝗈𝗍 𝗌𝗈𝗅𝗏𝖾𝖽:
  𝗍𝗁𝗂𝗇𝗄() → 𝗉𝗂𝖼𝗄_𝗍𝗈𝗈𝗅() → 𝖾𝗑𝖾𝖼𝗎𝗍𝖾() → 𝖾𝗏𝖺𝗅𝗎𝖺𝗍𝖾()

Your DAG just became sentient and stopped asking for help.

The good news? You already have 80% of the skills.

Your Python scripts ARE the tools. You just need to make them agent-callable — add clear docstrings, wrap them as functions, expose them to the loop. 

The real shift isn't technical. It's mental.

Before: you were the pipeline. 
After: you design the system that runs the pipeline.
Before: 2 AM Slack pings wake you up. 
After: the agent handles it. You review the decision over morning coffee.

You're not being replaced. You're being scaled.
One DE + three agents = a five-person team's output.
Agents handle 2 AM fires. You architect system!

Working with AI Agents? Here are a few rules I always find myself returning to.

Do's:
✅ Debug it weekly? Automate it. Agents thrive on tools, not just shared knowledge.
✅ Document as if the reader knows nothing. Trust me, the agent definitely doesn’t.
✅ Record every decision made by agents. When things go wrong, you’ll want a clear trail.

Don'ts:
❌ Granting write access on Day 1. Start with read-only. Trust is something you build over time.
❌ Skipping human checkpoints on critical operations. Always gate anything that changes data.
❌ Assuming agents understand your context. They don’t. Make it crystal clear.

What’s the takeaway?
Agents reflect your habits—both the good and the bad.
So, build cleanly. Document thoroughly. Keep communication open where it counts.

You were building systems for humans,
Now build them for Agents.
This post is inspired by Vu Trinh's article on AI Agents. Find the link below. 👇

🌊 A fish thinks water needs it. Water thinks it needs the fish.

Then the net drops.

The fish gets captured. 
The water? It simply flows through.

𝗧𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝘄𝗵𝗮𝘁’𝘀 𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗜 𝘁𝗼𝗱𝗮𝘆.

Raw data thinks AI can't survive without it. 
AI systems think any data is worth training on.

Then comes the real test — production.

And suddenly:

🐟 Ungovernated data gets 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗱 in compliance failures
🐟 Unobserved pipelines get 𝗰𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 in silent corruption
🐟 Poor quality features get 𝗻𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗱 by model drift
But the water — the Governance framework — just flows right through.

It was never enslaved by bad data.

Here's the truth nobody tells you:
Most organizations treat data like fish — abundant, assumed, and disposable.

The ones building real AI treat data like whales.

Whales can't be netted…
They're too governed, too observable, too quality-conscious to be trapped by broken systems.

The 3 pillars that separate fish from whales:

⚙️ 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 = The ocean itself (Ownership, lineage, policy — the environment data lives in)

👁️ 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗢𝗯𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 = Knowing where the whale is (Freshness, volume, schema, distribution — real-time awareness)

✅ 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 = The whale's immune system (Completeness, accuracy, consistency — what makes it survive production)

The ocean doesn’t mourn the fish lost to the net.
It only protects what chose to become sovereign.
Your data can survive capture — or it can command the ocean.

𝐴𝐼 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛’𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠. 𝐴𝐼 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠.

💬 Are you fishing for data or raising whales?
#AI #Data

Communication is the key - From raw data to profitable outcomes!

It’s the TRUST,
With CLEAN outcomes,
To deliver solutions with IMPACT!

…. That helps you refine — Raw data into reliable solutions to deliver PROFIT.

Most data and AI teams are sitting on a treasure trove — and they might not even realize it.  

What separates a $1M budget line from a $10M+ profit powerhouse? 
It’s not just your algorithm or your tech stack. It’s all about how you navigate through these five stages:  

1️⃣ RAW DATA = The Ore It’s messy, unstructured, and often trapped in databases that no one fully trusts. Every company has it, but very few know how to refine it.  

2️⃣ SORTED = Refined Ingots Now we’re talking! Cleaned, labeled, and structured — think Metal, Copper, Gold, Silver. It’s got form, but just having form doesn’t mean it’s market-ready.  

3️⃣ ENGINEERED AI = The Component This is where your machine learning models, logic layers, and automation triggers come into play. Your engineers have crafted some impressive parts, but they’re still just that — parts. 

4️⃣ INTEGRATED SOLUTION = The Product Costs drop ↓ and revenues rise ↑. Now you’ve got something the market can actually USE. This is where the $10M+ potential lies.  

5️⃣ EXPLAINED STORY = The ROI “We transformed from a $1M cost center into a $10M profit machine.” This is the kind of statement that gets budgets approved, deals sealed, and careers launched.  

Here’s the hard truth:  
Most engineers stop at Stage 3, 
while many managers only get to Stage 4. 

The true winners — the leaders who really excel — are the ones who thrive at Stage 5.  

Keep this in mind:
Communication transforms beans into drinks.
Trust transforms drinks into habits.
Impact transforms habits into profits.

Stop building houses. 
Start constructing Profit Factories.  
That’s the 10X leap.  

♻️ Save this if you’re leading a #data or #AI team. 
💬 Which stage is your team currently stuck in? Let us know in the comments!

When DATA GOVERNANCE comes as an afterthought, you're literally screwed!

Agree?
Ignoring foundations that builds data trust can be painful.

Someone once asked me — Pooja, do you really think a simple data pipeline could cost such a huge bill?

Absolutely, it can. 
Data solution that is easy to represent.
But, here's the common pitfall many teams encounter:

→ The pipeline looks pristine on a whiteboard
→ It’s easy to draw. Easy to demo.
→ But scaling it? That’s a whole different ballgame. Trusting it? Even harder.

Here's what nobody tells you right off the systems:

📌 A sleek diagram ≠ a dependable data system
📌 Quick data movement ≠ accurate data movement
📌 More pipelines without governance = more confusion, not more clarity

What does DATA GOVERNANCE truly offers the teams?

✅ Everyone knows "who’s responsible" for what data
✅ No more debates over "which version is the right one?"
✅ Teams spend less time troubleshooting — and more time making "decisions"
✅ Your data builds "trust". Both internally and externally.

What’s the real price of skipping it?

It’s not just about the money.
It’s about team frustration.
It’s about flawed decisions.
And it’s about data that no one trusts.

Governance isn’t just a tech problem.
It’s a people + process + discipline problem.

Build the foundations before you start building floors.

Start small, but make it intentional.
Be honest, don't let a chat with the CFO at 9 AM cause chaos.
The $1150K surprise bill on a Monday morning can be thrilling over the week 😬

Here’s are some amazing folks to follow and learn more on Data and AI governance —

What's your perspective data leaders? 
George Firican 
John Wernfeldt 
Clare Kitching 
Charlotte Ledoux  
Dylan Anderson  
Piotr Czarnas 

What’s the one governance gap your team keeps revisiting?
Share it below 👇

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